Classical conditioning is a term often used by psychologists. In short and simple terms, it describes the process of learning through association. This phenomena is most associated with Ivan Pavlov, who while studying the role of saliva in dogs’ digestive processes by accident, stumbled upon this process. Dogs salivate in the presence of food but over time Pavlov noticed that the dogs started producing the saliva even before coming in…

Europe had for centuries been the theatre of bloody combat that reached unprecedented levels of destruction during two world wars in the last century. The establishment of the European Union and the single European currency made its 28 member countries economically strong and distanced them from the fear of war amongst themselves, while the US made them secure against Russia.

There has been much political soul-searching in the United States about the eclipse of American power and influence across the world. Some have even suggested this steady decline to be irreversible and inevitable.  The word ‘decline’, often associated with empires has entered political debate, with talk of a post-American world and the inexorable rise of China to superpower status, the election of Trump

Reports have revealed that retired General Raheel Sharif, just 45 days after having retired as Pakistan’s Chief of Army Staff, has accepted the command of the 43-nation alliance of Muslim countries which has been put together by Saudi Arabia. Sensing the negative reaction of the Muslims to this acceptance, Defence Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif on 6 January 2017 confirmed the acceptance claiming that the government had been taken into confidence.