This crisis takes us back to the Syrian revolution, when Russia entered Syria to secure American interests—believing it would be granted rewards and privileges, see sanctions lifted, and perhaps even have its annexation of the Crimean Peninsula overlooked.

According to the Population and Housing Census of 2020, of Malaysia's 34.2 million inhabitants, Muslims constituted 63.5 per cent of the population, followed by Buddhists at 18.7 per cent, Christians at 9.1 per cent, Hindus at 6.1 per cent, those professing no religion at 1.8 per cent, and others at 0.9 per cent.

For over eight decades, the dollar has not merely been America’s national currency; it has become the backbone of the global financial system. Through it, most oil and commodity trades are priced, a large proportion of central bank reserves are managed, international payments are settled, and the value of assets in global markets is measured.

The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) was established in 1979 by decree of Ayatollah Khomeini, shortly after the Islamists came to power following the revolution, to serve as an instrument for protecting the new political system from its domestic and foreign adversaries. The Iranian Constitution stipulated that “the IRGC shall remain firmly established to fulfill its role in safeguarding the revolution and its gains."