15 years after the US invaded Afghanistan and two years since the official end and withdrawal of US and coalition forces, Afghanistan remains marred in chaos and the US constructed architecture is struggling to survive. The Taliban continue to mount steady gains against the government in Kabul which, this week, saw them taking control of capital of the Helmond province Lashkar Gah.

Classical conditioning is a term often used by psychologists. In short and simple terms, it describes the process of learning through association. This phenomena is most associated with Ivan Pavlov, who while studying the role of saliva in dogs’ digestive processes by accident, stumbled upon this process. Dogs salivate in the presence of food but over time Pavlov noticed that the dogs started producing the saliva even before coming in…

International order or world order generally refers to the state or nature of relationships between different states in the world. In reality, the relationships which define and determine the international or world order are relationships between major powers.

After the Kuffar destroyed the Khilafah "Caliphate" state [Caliphate], and spread their authority over the Muslim lands, and suspended the application of the Deen and its rules, and imposed man-made laws and human constitutions, it was natural for the sincere Muslims to call for the work to resume the Islamic way of life, but they differed among themselves in the approaches and methods, although they wanted to uphold the word…